Arduino

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs, light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message and turn it into an output, activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.

• Most simply, it is an affordable,small-scale, simple computer that focuses on interaction with the outside world.

• Most of the computers you are familiar with are controlled almost exclusively through the keyboard and mouse, touchscreen, or trackpad.

• An Arduino allows you to take information from the outside world with sensors that measure temperature, light and sound levels, or even the vibrations underneath your feet, and convert these measurements into motion, sound, light, and more.

Sensors and Actuators:

• Sensors and actuators are electronic components that allow a piece of electronics to interact with the world.

• As the microcontroller is a very simple computer, it can process only electric signals (a bit like the electric pulses that are sent between neurons in our brains).

• For it to sense light, temperature, or other physical quantities, it needs something that can convert them into electricity. In our body, for example, the eye converts light into

• signals that get sent to the brain using nerves. In electronics, we can use a simple device called a light-dependent resistor (an LDR or photoresistor) that can measure the amount of light that hits it and report it as a signal that can be understood by the microcontroller.

• Once the sensors have been read, the device has the information needed to decide how to react.

• The decision-making process is handled by the microcontroller, and the reaction is performed by actuators. In our bodies, for example, muscles receive electric signals from the brain and convert them into a movement. In the electronic world, these functions could be performed by a light or an electric motor.

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

Note: All programs to be done using Simulation Tool like Tinkercad or any other Simulation Tool.

Program 1.1: Program to blink Arduino onboard LED

Components: Arduino Uno

Implementation:

Step-1: Open www.tinkercad.com

Step-2: If you are an Educator click on Educators or else click on Student accounts and sign in.

Step-3: Create Your own account.

Step-4: open https://www.tinkercad.com/dashboard and click on New

Step -5: Select Circuit

Step -6: From the left panel of the Workspace select Arduino Uno R3 and drag to the design area.

Step -7: Click on Start Simulation.

Output: